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(Redirected from Mayumura Taku)
Born | October 20, 1934 Nishinari-ku, Osaka, Osaka prefecture, Japan |
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Died | November 3, 2019 (aged 85) Abeno-ku, Osaka, Osaka prefecture, Japan |
Occupation | Writer |
Nationality | Japanese |
Genre | Science Fiction, Fantasy, Young adult fiction |
Notable works | Nazo no Tenkōsei, Nerawareta Gakuen, Shōmetsu no Kōrin, Hikishio no Toki, Meikyūmonogatari, Tsuma ni Sasageta 1778-wa |
Notable awards | Prize at the 1st Kūsōkagaku Shōsetsu Contest (1961), Izumi Kyōka Prize (1979), Seiun Award (1974), (1996) |
Spouse | Etsuko Murakami (m. 1959) |
Children | Tomoko (b.1963) |
Taku Mayumura (眉村 卓Mayumura Taku, 20 October 1934 – 3 November 2019) was a Japanese novelist, science fiction writer[1] and haiku poet. He won the Seiun Award for Novel twice. In 2004 his Shiseikan (司政官, Administrator, one story of the 'Shiseikan series'), written in 1974, was translated into English.[2] Mayumura was also a young adult fiction writer whose works have been adapted into TV drama, film, and anime. Mayumura was an honorary member of the SFWJ (Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of Japan).
- 1Biography
- 4Works
- 4.1Novels
Biography[edit]
Mayumura was born as Murakami Takuji (村上 卓児), at Osaka city, Osaka prefecture in 1934.[1] He graduated from Osaka University in 1957 with a degree in economics,[1] as well as a judo competition career at the Nanatei league. After graduation, he joined a company. While working at this company, he wrote short novels and submitted them to contests in commercial literary magazines.
In 1960, he joined the SF fanzineUchūjin.[1] In 1961, he won the Best Story prize in the 1st Kūsō-Kagaku Shōsetsu Contest (later the Hayakawa SF Contest) for his novelKakyū Aidea-man (Junior Idea-Man)[1] and made debut in the S-F Magazine by this work.
In 1965, he retired from the company and started working as an independent writer.[1] Mayumura's first book, the SF novel Moeru Keisha (燃える傾斜), was published by Tōto Shobo in the same year. In 1979, he won the seventh Izumi Kyōka Prize for Literature and the Seiun Award for his novel Shōmetsu no Kōrin, which is the representative work in his 'Shiseikan series'. In 1996, he won his second Seiun Award for another entry in the Shiseikan series, the long novel Hikishio no Toki.
As a literary theorist, he advocated the 'Insider Bungaku-ron' (Theory of Literature by Insiders).[3] Consistent with this theme, his novels frequently tackle the issues of problematic relations between individuals and the corporate or bureaucratic organizations to which they belong.
Mayumura was also a well-known young adult fiction writer. His representative works in this field were Nazo no Tenkousei and Nerawareta Gakuen etc. These works were adapted into TV Drama series by NHK, and adapted into Cinema too. Other juvenile fictions by Mayumura were adapted into the anime Toki no Tabibito.
In 2002, his wife died of cancer. Mayumura had been writing a very short story every day for his wife, who was in the hospital bedridden since the cancer had been diagnosed. When his stories, which were written each day and numbered, reached to 1778, his wife died.[1] These stories were compiled and published. The film Boku to Tsuma no 1778 no Monogatari, based on this true story, was filmed in 2009 and released in 2011.
As of 2008, Mayumura was a professor of the Graduate School of Osaka University of Arts.
He died early in the morning (at 04:01 AM in JST) of November 3, 2019 due to aspiration pneumonia.[4]
Haiku poetry[edit]
Mayumura was also a haiku poet. He was a member of the haiku club in his high school. He posted his haiku work to the haiku coterie magazine Ashibu (馬酔木) which Shūōshi Mizuhara (JA) presided over. Mayumura has been a coterie membera of the haiku magazine 'Uzu' (渦). In 2009, he published a Haiku book 'Kiri wo yuku' (霧を行く).
Style of Works[edit]
Mayumura wrote various stories. His stages of the fictions range from the ordinary life scenes of common people to the fantasic worlds hidden back in the daily life, to the inter-stellar federation of far future.
Especially, strange and fantasic aspects of the reality, adjacent to the ordinary life are the essence of his fantasic stories.[5]
Awards[edit]
- Prize at the 1st Kūsōkagaku Shōsetsu Contest for Kakyū Aidea-man (下級アイディアマン) 1961
- Izumi Kyōka Prize for Literature (JA) for Shōmetsu no Kōrin (消滅の光輪) 1979
- Seiun Award for Shōmetsu no Kōrin 1979
- Seiun Award for Hikishio no toki (引き潮のとき) 1996
Works in English translation[edit]
- Administrator (Kurodahan Press, 2004)[6]
- 'Fnifmum' (The Best Japanese Science Fiction Stories, Dembner Books, 1989 / Barricade Books, 1997)
- 'I'll Get Rid of Your Discontent' (Speculative Japan, Kurodahan Press, 2007)[7]
Works[edit]
Novels[edit]
- Novels and Collections of novelettes and short stories, or Collection of short short stories.
- Moeru Keisha (燃える傾斜) 1963, Touto Shobou
- Gen'ei no Kōsei (幻影の構成) 1966, Hayakawa Shobou
- EXPO' 87 (EXPO' 87) 1968, Hayakawa Shobou
- Wa ga Sexoid (わがセクソイド) 1969, Rippu Shobou
- Techunit (テキュニット) 1969, San'ichi Shobou
- Jun B-kyū Shimin (準B級市民) 1966, Hayakawa Publishing, Hayakawa SF Series
- Bankokuhaku ga Yattekuru (万国博がやってくる) 1968, Hayakawa Publishing, Hayakawa SF Series
- Niji wa Kieta (虹は消えた) 1969, Hayakawa Publishing, Hayakawa SF Series
- Toki no Odysseus (時のオデュセウス) 1971, Hayakawa Publishing, Hayakawa SF Series
- C-seki no Kyaku (C席の客) 1971, Nihon Keizai Shinbunsha, 1973, Kadokawa Bunko
- Karera no Naka no Umi (かれらの中の海) 1973, Hayakawa Publishing
- Kiga Rettō (飢餓列島) 1974, Hayakawa Publishing, (collaboration with Masami Fukushima)
- Salon wa Owatta (サロンは終わった) 1974, Hayakawa Bunko JA
- Shiseikan (司政官, Administrator) 1974, Hayakawa Publishing
- Ano Shinju-iro no Asa wo... (あの真珠色の朝を…) 1974, Kadokawa Bunko
- Kimyōna Tsuma (奇妙な妻) 1975, Hayakawa Publishing, 1978 Kadokawa Bunko
- Ikyō Henge (異郷変化) 1976, Kadokawa Bunko
- Nubatama no... (ぬばたまの…) 1978, Koudansha
- Shōmetsu no Kōrin (消滅の光輪) 1979, Hayakawa Publishing
- Bokutachi no Pocket (ぼくたちのポケット) 1980, Kadokawa Bunko
- Nagai Akatsuki (長い暁) 1980, Hayakawa Publishing
- Pocket no ABC (ポケットのABC) 1982, Kadokawa Shoten
- Pocket no XYZ (ポケットのXYZ) 1982, Kadokawa Shoten
- Futsū no Kazoku (ふつうの家族) 1984, Kadokawa Bunko
- Meikyū Monogatari (迷宮物語) 1986, Kadokawa Shoten
- Futeiki Esper (不定期エスパー) 1-8, 1988-1990, Tokuma Shoten
- Hikishio no Toki (引き潮のとき) 1-5, 1988-1995 Hayakawa Publishing
- Wonder Tea Room (ワンダー・ティー・ルーム) 1992, Jitsugyō no nihon
- Higawari Ichiwa, Book 1, Book 2 (日がわり一話, 第1-2集) 1998, Shuppan Geijutsusha
- Tsuma ni Sasageta 1778-wa (妻に捧げた1778話, 1,778 Stories dedicated to My Wife, [Tsuma ni Sasageta Sen Nana-hyaku Nana-jū Hachi-wa]) 2004
- etc.
Shiseikan series[edit]
![Monogatari anime order Monogatari anime order](http://getwallpapers.com/wallpaper/full/6/b/a/975703-monogatari-wallpapers-1080x1920-download-free.jpg)
The Shiseikan (Administrator) series is summarized as follows: In the distant future, the humans of Earth constitute the Terrestrial Federation; the Terrestrial humans have spread far across outer space and colonized numerous planets and solar systems. The Federation established local governments on those planets to establish law and order among the human settlers, and to mediate between Terrestrials and the sapient aliens who had been originally born, evolved and lived on certain of these planets before the settlers arrived. In the early period, the planets had been ruled by Federation-aligned military juntas; however, the Federation has begun to recall the military administrations and send civilian administrators to govern on their behalf. The troubles faced by these administrators constitute the stories of Shiseikan.
- Shiseikan (司政官}, Administrators) 1974, Hayakawa Publishing
- Shōmesu no Kourin (消滅の光輪, The Corona of the Extinction) 1979, Hayakawa Publishing, Seiun Award 1979
- Nagai Akatsuki (長い暁, Long Dawn) 1980, Hayakawa Publishing
- Hikishio no Toki (引き潮のとき, The Time at Low Tide) 1996, Hayakawa Publishing, Seiun Award 1996
Young adult fiction[edit]
- Tensai wa Tsukurareru (天才はつくられる) 1968
- Maboroshi no Pen Friend (まぼろしのペンフレンド) 1970, 2006
- Nazo no Tenkōsei (なぞの転校生) 1972, 2004
- Nejireta Machi (ねじれた町) 1974, 2005
- Sangyō Shikan Kōhosei (産業士官候補生) 1974
- Jigoku no Sainō (地獄の才能) 1975
- Nerawareta Gakuen (ねらわれた学園) 1976, 2003
- Omoiagari no Natsu (思いあがりの夏) 1977, Kadokawa Bunko (including Nagori no Yuki名残の雪)
- Tozasareta Jikanwari (閉ざされた時間割) 1977
- Naitara Shi ga Kuru (泣いたら死がくる) 1977
- Shiroi Futōshiki (白い不等式) 1978
- Tsukurareta Asu (つくられた明日) 1980
- Toraerareta School Bus (とらえられたスクールバス)) 1981-1983 Kadokawa Bunko, (New title: Toki no Tabibito (時空の旅人)
- Shiirareta Henshin (強いられた変身) 1988
Historical story[edit]
- Cartago no Unmei (カルタゴの運命) 1998, Shin Jinbutsu Ōraisha
Others or uncertain[edit]
- Chikyū e no Tōi Michi (地球への遠い道) 1970, Mainichi Shinbunsha
- Nijū-Yo-Jikan no Sinnyūsha (二十四時間の侵入者) 1974, Akimoto
- Waru-nori Ryokō (ワルのり旅行) 1975, Kadokawa Bunko
- Shin'ya Hōsō no Happening (深夜放送のハプニング) 1977, Akimoto
- Mōretsu Kyōshi (猛烈教師) 1977
- Shiroi Kobako (白い小箱) 1977, Jitsugyou no Nihon
- Tōrisugita Yatsu (通りすぎた奴) 1977, Ruppu Shobo
- Henna Otoko (変な男) 1978, Kadokawa Bunko
- Oshaberi Meiro (おしゃべり迷路) 1979, Kadokawa Shoten
- Gekkō no Sasu Basho (月光のさす場所) 1980
- Katamuita Chiheisen (傾いた地平線) 1981, Kadokawa Bunko
- Sorezore no Magarikado (それぞれの曲がり角) 1986, Kadokawa Bunko
- Yūyake no Kaiten Mokuba (夕焼けの回転木馬) 1986, Kadokawa Bunko
- Niji no Uragawa (虹の裏側) 1994, Shuppan Geijutsusha
- etc.
Essays[edit]
- Giyaman to Kikai (ぎやまんと機械, Glass and Machine) 1977, PHP Kenkyusho
- Teri-kageri no Fūkei - Kessaku Essay (照りかげりの風景 傑作エッセイ) 1981.12, Kosaido shuppan
- Osaka no Machikado - Mayumura Taku Semba Essay (大阪の街角 眉村卓Sembaエッセイ) 1995.11 San'itsu shobo
Haiku poetry[edit]
- Kiri wo Yuku (霧を行く) 2009
Works adapted into TV drama[edit]
- Maboroshi no Pen Friend (まぼろしのペンフレンド) 1974, 2001
- Nazo no Tenkōsei (なぞの転校生) 1975
- Nerawareta Gakuen (ねらわれた学園) 1977, 1982, 1987, 1997
- Jigoku no Sainō (地獄の才能) 1977
- Nagori no Yuki (名残の雪) 1977, 1994
Works adapted into cinema film[edit]
- Nerawareta Gakuen (ねらわれた学園) 1981 (Director: (大林宣彦)), 1997 (Director: (清水厚))
- Nazo no Tenkōsei (なぞの転校生) 1998 (Director: (小中和哉))
- Boku to Tsuma no 1778 no Monogatari (僕と妻の1778の物語) based on his life episode and short stories.
Works adapted into anime film[edit]
- Toki no Tabibito (時空の旅人) 1986 (Director: Mori Masaki)
- Neo Tokyo (Meikyuu Monogatari) (迷宮物語) 1987 (Directors: Rintaro, Yoshiaki Kawajiri, Katsuhiro Ōtomo)
- Nerawareta Gakuen (ねらわれた学園) 2012 (Director: Ryosuke Nakamura)
Notes and references[edit]
- ^ abcdefg(ja) Nihon Gensō Sakka Jiten, pp.648-649.
- ^https://www.amazon.com/dp/4902075008
- ^Mayumura considered that literature was traditionally created by, and written from the view point of, artists who stood outside of the common society; in contrast, his literary theory insisted on the necessity of the 'insiders', necessity of literature written from the common man's point of view.
- ^作家、眉村卓さん死去 85歳 「ねらわれた学園」「妻に捧げた1778話」、本紙「朝晴れエッセー」選考委員も
- ^(ja) Nihon Gensō Sakka Jiten, p.649.
- ^Administrator | Kurodahan Press
- ^Speculative Japan | Kurodahan Press
References[edit]
- (ja) Masao Azuma & Ran Ishidō Nihon Gensō Sakka Jiten, Kokusho Kankokai, (2009), ISBN978-4-336-05142-4 pp. 648-649
- The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction, page 641
- References in the Article in JA-Wikipedia
External links[edit]
- Taku Mayumura at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database
- Taku Mayumura on IMDb
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taku_Mayumura&oldid=931580670'
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Anime and manga |
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Shōnen, shonen, or shounen manga (少年漫画, shōnen manga) is manga aimed at a young teen male target-demographic. The age group varies with individual readers and different magazines, but it is primarily intended for boys between the ages of 12 and 18.The kanji characters (少年) literally mean 'boy' (or 'youth'), and the characters (漫画) means 'comic'. Thus, the complete phrase means 'young person's comic', or simply 'boys' comic'; its female equivalent is shōjo manga. Shōnen manga is the most popular and best-selling form of manga.[1][2]
- 1Summary
- 2History
Summary[edit]
Shōnen manga is typically characterized by high-action,[3] often humorous plots featuring male protagonists. Commonly-found themes in shōnen manga include martial arts, robots, science fiction, sports, horror or mythological creatures.[2] The camaraderie between boys or men on sports teams, fighting squads, and the like are often emphasized. Protagonists of such manga often feature an ongoing desire to better themselves.,[2] and often face challenges to their abilities, skills and maturity, where self-perfection, austere self-discipline, sacrifice in the cause of duty and honorable service to society, community, family and friends are stressed.[4][5]
None of these listed characteristics are a requirement, as seen in shōnen manga like Yotsuba&!, which features a female lead and almost no fan service or action; what defines whether or not a series is shōnen is the official classification of the magazine it is serialized in.[6]
The art style of shōnen is generally less 'flowery' than that of shōjo manga, although this varies greatly from artist to artist, and some artists draw both shōnen and shōjo manga.
Shōnen manga today[edit]
Akira Toriyama's Dragon Ball (1984–1995) is credited with setting the trend of popular shōnen manga from the 1980s onward, with manga critic Jason Thompson in 2011 calling it 'by far the most influential shōnen manga of the last 30 years.'[7] Many currently successful shōnen authors such as Eiichiro Oda, Masashi Kishimoto, Tite Kubo, Hiro Mashima and Kentaro Yabuki cite him and Dragon Ball as an influence on their own now popular works.
After the arrest and trial of serial killer Tsutomu Miyazaki, depictions of violence and sexual matters became more highly regulated in manga in general, but especially in shōnen manga.[8]
History[edit]
Before World War II[edit]
Manga has been said to have existed since the eighteenth century,[9][10] but originally did not target a specific gender or age group. By 1905, however, a boom in publishing manga magazines occurred, and began targeting genders as evidenced by their names, such as Shōnen Sekai, Shōjo Sekai, and Shōnen Pakku (a kodomo manga magazine).[10]Shōnen Sekai was one of the first shōnen manga magazines, and was published from 1895 to 1914.
Post-Occupation[edit]
The post-World War II occupation of Japan had a profound impact on its culture during the 1950s and beyond (see culture of Post-occupation Japan), including on manga. Modern manga developed during this period, including the modern format of shōnen manga we experience today, of which boys and young men were among the earliest readers.[4] During this time, Shōnen manga focused on topics thought to interest the archetypical boy: sci-tech subjects like robots and space travel, and heroic action-adventure.[11]Osamu Tezuka, creator of Astro Boy is said to have played an influential role in manga during this period.[9][12][13] Between 1950 and 1969, an increasingly large readership for manga emerged in Japan with the solidification of its two main marketing genres, shōnen manga aimed at boys and shōjo manga aimed at girls.[14]
The magazine Weekly Shōnen Jump began production in 1968,[10] and continues to be produced today as the best-selling manga magazine in Japan.[15] Many of the most popular shōnen manga titles have been serialized in Jump, including Dragon Ball, Captain Tsubasa, Slam Dunk, One Piece, Naruto, Bleach, and others.
With the relaxation of censorship in Japan in the 1990s, a wide variety of explicit sexual themes appeared in manga intended for male readers, and correspondingly occur in English translations.[16] However, in 2010 the Tokyo Metropolitan Government passed the controversial Bill 156 to restrict harmful content despite opposition by many authors and publishers in the manga industry.[17][18]
Women's roles in shōnen manga[edit]
In early shōnen manga, men and boys played all the major roles. Of the nine cyborgs in Shotaro Ishinomori's 1964 Cyborg 009, only one is female, and she soon vanishes from the action. Even some more modern instances of shōnen manga virtually omit women, e.g. the martial arts story Baki the Grappler by Itagaki Keisuke, and the supernatural fantasy Sand Land by Akira Toriyama. By the 1980s, however, girls and women began to play increasingly important roles in shōnen manga. For example, in Toriyama's 1980 Dr. Slump, the main character is the mischievous and powerful girl robot Arale Norimaki. Discussing his character Lisa Lisa from Battle Tendency, the second story arc of the manga series Jojo’s Bizarre Adventure, author Hirohiko Araki stated that at the time female characters in shōnen manga were typically cute and designed to be 'a man's ideal woman.' He said readers were not interested in realistic portrayals of women, but rather the type of girl 'that giggles during a conversation' with heart marks next to her. He believes this made the warrior-type Lisa Lisa feel fresh and 'unheard of' in both manga and society in general and said it was exciting to challenge people's expectations with her. Araki also said that the supernatural basis of the fights in his series evened the battlefield for women and children to match up against strong men.[19]
The role of girls and women in manga for male readers has evolved considerably since Arale. One class is the bishōjo or 'beautiful young girl.'[20] Sometimes the woman is unattainable, and she is always an object of the hero's emotional and/or sexual interest, like Shao-lin from Guardian Angel Getten by Minene Sakurano or Belldandy from the seinen mangaOh My Goddess! by Kōsuke Fujishima.[21] In other stories, the hero is surrounded by such girls and women, as in Negima! Magister Negi Magi by Ken Akamatsu and Hanaukyo Maid Team by Morishige.[22] The male protagonist does not always succeed in forming a relationship with the woman, for example when Bright Honda and Aimi Komori fail to bond in Shadow Lady by Masakazu Katsura. In other cases, a successful couple's sexual activities are depicted or implied, like in Outlanders by Johji Manabe.[23] In still other cases, the initially naive and immature hero grows up to become a man by learning how to deal and live with women emotionally and sexually; examples of heroes who follow this path include Yota in Video Girl Ai by Masakazu Katsura and Train Man in the seinen manga Train Man: Densha Otoko by Hidenori Hara.[24][25]
However, since the 80s, there have been increase in female protagonists in shōnen manga, albeit lesser in number. They are often portrayed as central characters or characters with important roles in manga. Some examples include Fullmetal Alchemist,[26]Urusei Yatsura, Inuyasha, Attack on Titan, Ranma ½, Fairy Tail, Gunslinger Girl, WataMote, Nisekoi, Strawberry Marshmallow, School Rumble and Soul Eater.
See also[edit]
- Children's manga: Manga intended for children
- Shōjo manga: Manga intended for adolescent girls
- Seinen manga: Manga intended for adult men
- Josei manga: Manga intended for adult women
- Gekiga: Manga for adults, like Seinen, but with a dominant focus on art and literature. Comparable to graphic novels.
References[edit]
- ^Aoki, Deb. 'What is Shonen Manga?'. About.com. Archived from the original on 2013-04-24. Retrieved 2015-08-23.
- ^ abcKamikaze Factory Studio (2012). Shonen Manga. HarperCollins. p. 8. ISBN9780062115478.
- ^'Short anime glossary [Краткий анимешно-русский разговорник]'. anime*magazine (in Russian) (3): 36. 2004. ISSN1810-8644.
- ^ abSchodt, 1986, op. cit., chapter 3, pp. 68-87.
- ^Brenner, 2007, op. cit., p. 31.
- ^雑誌ジャンルおよびカテゴリ区分一覧 [Magazine genre and category category list] (PDF) (in Japanese). Japanese Magazine Advertising Association. 15 February 2018. Retrieved 2 December 2018.
- ^Thompson, Jason (March 10, 2011). 'Jason Thompson's House of 1000 Manga – Dragon Ball'. Anime News Network. Retrieved 2014-01-31.
- ^http://intersections.anu.edu.au/issue20/mclelland.htm
'One result was a new regime of self-regulation among manga producers and distributors who began to reign in the more violent and sexual images that characterized some genres, particularly manga directed at shōnen (male youth).' - ^ abThorn, Matt (June 1996). 'A History of Manga'. Matt-thorn.com. Retrieved 18 March 2013.
- ^ abc'Everything about Shounen (Shonen 少年) Genre'. Jappleng.com. 14 March 2013. Retrieved 18 March 2013.
- ^Schodt, 1986, op. cit., chapter 3; Gravett, 2004, op. cit., chapter. 5, pp. 52-73.
- ^intānashonaru, Kōdansha (1999). Eibun nihon shōjiten : Japan Profile of a nation (Revised ed., 1. ed.). Tōkyō: Kōdansha Intānashonaru. pp. 692–715. ISBN4-7700-2384-7.
- ^Schodt, Frederik L. (2007). The Astro Boy essays : Osamu Tezuka, Mighty Atom, and the manga/anime revolution. Berkeley, Calif.: Stone Bridge Press. ISBN978-1-933330-54-9.
- ^Tezuka, Frederik L. Schodt. Foreword by Osamu (1988). Manga! Manga! : the world of Japanese comics ; [includes 96 pages from Osamu Tezuka's 'Phoenix', Reiji Matsumoto's 'Ghost warrior', Riyoko Ikeda's 'The rose of Versailles', Keiji Nakazawa's 'Barefoot gen' (Updated paperback ed.). Tokyo ;New York: Kodansha Internat. ISBN978-0-87011-752-7.
- ^'2009 Japanese Manga Magazine Circulation Numbers'. Anime News Network. 2009-01-18. Retrieved 2013-11-30.
The bestselling manga magazine, Shueisha's Weekly Shonen Jump, rose in circulation from 2.79 million copies to 2.81 million.
- ^Perper, Timothy; Cornog, Martha (1 March 2002). 'Eroticism for the masses: Japanese manga comiss and their assimilation into the U.S.'. Sexuality and Culture. 6 (1): 3–126. doi:10.1007/s12119-002-1000-4.
- ^'Comic fans protest 'extreme sex' manga bans'. The Sydney Morning Herald. Agence France-Presse. 2010-12-15. Retrieved 2015-08-23.
- ^'Writers, Lawyers Oppose Revised Youth Ordinance Bill'. Anime News Network. 2010-11-27. Retrieved 2015-08-23.
- ^Araki, Hirohiko (August 18, 2015). JoJo's Bizarre Adventure: Part 1 Battle Tendency. 2. Viz Media. p. 365. ISBN978-1-4215-7883-5.
- ^For multiple meanings of bishōjo, see Perper & Cornog, 2002, op. cit., pp. 60-63.
- ^Guardian Angel Getten, by Sakurano Minene. Raijin Graphic Novels/Gutsoon! Entertainment, Vols. 1-4, 2003-2004.
- ^Negima, by Ken Akamatsu. Del Rey/Random House, Vols. 1-15, 2004-2007; Hanaukyo Maid Team, by Morishige. Studio Ironcat, Vols. 1-3, 2003-2004.
- ^Outlanders: http://www.angelfire.com/anime/mangatemple/outlanders.html.
- ^Train Man: Densha Otoko, Hidenori Hara. Viz, Vols. 1-3, 2006.
- ^Perper, Timothy and Martha Cornog. 2007. 'The education of desire: Futari etchi and the globalization of sexual tolerance.' Mechademia: An Annual Forum for Anime, Manga, and Fan Arts, 2:201-214.
- ^Thompson, Jason (2013-06-06). 'Jason Thompson's House of 1000 Manga - Fullmetal Alchemist'. Anime News Network. Retrieved 2015-08-22.
External links[edit]
- Anime for boys(in Japanese)
- Anime for men(in Japanese)
- Shōnen-in, reformatory (Ministry of Justice site) (in Japanese)
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shōnen_manga&oldid=936369690'